A portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is traveling inside a telephone service area is known as a mobile phone, cellular phone, handphone, cell phone, cellphone, handphone, or pocket phone. The radio frequency link creates a connection to a mobile phone operator's switching systems, granting access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network design and, accordingly, mobile telephones are dubbed cellular telephones or cell phones in North America.
A portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area is known as a mobile phone, cellular phone, handphone, cell phone, cellphone, handphone, or pocket phone. These terms are sometimes abbreviated to simply mobile, cell, or just phone. A mobile phone operator's switching systems are connected via the radio frequency link, granting access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network design and, accordingly, mobile telephones are dubbed cellular telephones or cell phones in North America.
Affordable mobile communications have been made possible by advances in information theory, cellular networking, and large-scale integration (LSI) MOS technology. John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola presented the first portable mobile phone in New York City in 1973, using a device that weighed around 2 kg (4.4 lbs).
The first cellular network in the world was introduced in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979. The DynaTAC 8000x was the first portable mobile phone to be made available for purchase in 1983. Global mobile phone subscriptions increased from 1983 to 2014, reaching over seven billion, or one for each person on Earth. Samsung, Apple, and Huawei were the top three smartphone manufacturers globally in the first quarter of 2016, and sales of smartphones accounted for 78% of all mobile phone sales. As of 2016, Samsung, Nokia, and Alcatel were the three most popular feature phone (slang: "dumbphone") brands.
Mobile phones are regarded an important human creation since it has been one of the most commonly used and marketed pieces of consumer technology. In certain regions, the rise in popularity has been brisk. For instance, in the UK, the total number of mobile phones surpassed the number of homes in 1999. Today, mobile phones are commonplace worldwide, with over 90% of people owning at least one in over half of the world's countries.
In the early days of radio engineering, a portable mobile radio telephone service was anticipated. A patent application for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone" was made in 1917 by the Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt. Analog radio transmissions from trains and ships were early cell phone antecedents. The competition to manufacture fully portable telephone equipment began following World War II, with innovations taking place in several countries. The developments in mobile telephony have been documented in consecutive "generations", starting with the early zeroth-generation (0G) services, such as Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service and its successor, the Improved Mobile Telephone Service.
These 0G systems were exceedingly expensive, did not support many simultaneous calls, and were not cellular.
History
The DynaTAC 8000X from Motorola. It was the first commercially viable portable cell phone when it was introduced in 1983.
The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the creation of affordable mobile communications, including devices such as the car phone. John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola presented the first handheld cellular mobile phone in 1973, utilizing a 2-kilogram handset (4.4 lb).
The advent of digital signal processing in wireless communications was made possible by the widespread use of MOSFET-based RF power amplifiers (power MOSFET and LDMOS) and RF circuits (RF CMOS) in the 1990s. Radiolinja introduced the second-generation (2G) GSM-based digital cellular technology in Finland in 1991. As a result, the established 1G network providers faced competition from the new players in the market.
D At the CEPT ("Conférence Européenne des Postes et Telecommunications," European Postal and Telecommunications conference), the GSM standard was proposed as a European initiative. Following the technical viability of the Franco-German R&D collaboration, 13 European nations signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 1987 and committed to launching a commercial service by 1991. The GSM (=2G) standard's initial iteration contained 6,000 pages. Thomas Haug and Philippe Dupuis received the 2018 James Clerk Maxwell Medal from the IEEE and RSE for their contributions to the first digital mobile phone standard. More than 5 billion individuals in more than 220 countries utilized the GSM in 2018.
D 3G, 4G, and 5G have developed from GSM (2G). In 1982, the CEPT Working Group GSM (Group Special Mobile) established itself as the GSM standardization body. When ETSI was founded in 1988, all CEPT standardization operations were moved there. Technical Committee GSM replaced Working Group GSM. When ETSI charged the committee with UMTS in 1991, it became Technical Committee SMG (Special Mobile Group) (3G).
In 1991, Sony and Asahi Kasei successfully marketed the lithium-ion battery, an essential power source for contemporary cell phones. NTT DoCoMo introduced the third generation (3G) using the WCDMA standard in Japan in 2001. Following this, the high-speed packet access (HSPA) series of improvements, often known as 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, enabled UMTS networks to support higher data transfer rates and capacities.
By 2009, it had become obvious that the expansion of bandwidth-hungry services like streaming media will eventually overload 3G networks. As a result, the market started to focus on fourth-generation technologies that are data-optimized and promise speed increases of up to ten times over current 3G technology. The WiMAX standard, made available in North America by Sprint, and the LTE standard, originally made available in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera, were the first two commercially viable technologies dubbed as 4G.
Beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards, 5G is a technology and a phrase used in research papers and projects to refer to the following significant phase in mobile communications standards. Telecommunications firms or standardization organizations like the 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, or ITU-R have not yet made any specifications or formal documents available to the public that use the word "5G." Standardization organizations are now working on developing new standards that go beyond 4G, however they are currently considered to fall under the 4G category rather than being for a new mobile generation.
Types
Smartphone
There are several unique characteristics of smartphones. The International Telecommunication Union measures those having Internet connection, which it terms Active Mobile-Broadband subscriptions (which includes tablets, etc). (which includes tablets, etc.). Smartphone usage has now surpassed that of prior mobile technologies in the industrialized countries. However, in the poor world, they contribute for roughly 50 percent of mobile telecommunications.
Simple phone
The phrase "feature phone" is often used as a retronym to characterize mobile phones that have fewer features than a modern smartphone. In addition to rudimentary multimedia and Internet capabilities, feature phones often include voice calling and text messaging features as well as other services provided by the user's wireless service provider. A feature phone is more advanced than a basic mobile phone, which can only make voice calls and send text messages. The software and user interface of feature phones and entry-level mobile phones are typically proprietary and custom-made. Smartphones, on the other hand, typically run a mobile operating system that frequently has features in common with other devices.
Infrastructure
Cell towers, which are positioned to provide coverage across a telephone service area that is broken up into "cells," are where mobile phones communicate. Each cell, which normally consists of three towers positioned at various places, uses a unique set of frequencies from its adjacent cells. Typically, wired connections connect the cell towers to the phone network, the internet, and each other. Each cell will have a maximum number of cell phones it can support at once due to bandwidth restrictions. As a result, the size of the cells varies based on the anticipated usage density; in cities, they can be substantially smaller. In that instance substantially lower transmitter powers are employed to avoid transmitting beyond the cell.
Multiple towers can be erected in the same location to accommodate the heavy traffic (using different frequencies). At special events like the Super Bowl, Taste of Chicago, State Fair, NYC New Year's Eve, and cities affected by hurricanes, for example, cell phone companies will send a truck with equipment to handle the unusually high traffic with a portable cell. This can be done either permanently or temporarily.
The number of concurrent wireless phone calls can be significantly increased using cellular. Each cell must use distinct frequencies, with each call using one of them, even though a phone company, for instance, has a license for 1,000 frequencies.
The same frequency can be used again because cells barely overlap. For instance, cell one uses frequencies 1–500, 501–1,000, and cell next door can reuse frequencies 1–500. The same frequencies can be reused by cells one and three because they are not "touching" and do not overlap or communicate.
Capacity was greatly boosted as phone companies deployed digital networks. With digital, many calls can run simultaneously on one frequency.
A phone will "hand off," or automatically disconnect and reconnect to the tower of another cell that provides the best reception, as it travels about.
Additionally, cellphones frequently employ short-range Wi-Fi infrastructure to dump data from cell networks onto local area networks.
Hardware
All mobile phones share the same parts:
the phone's processor, or a central processing unit (CPU). The central processing unit (CPU) is a microprocessor built on a MOS integrated circuit (IC) device.
A battery, supplying the power source for the phone functions. While older handsets used nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) batteries, current handsets often use lithium-ion batteries (LIB).
An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. For most smartphones, these are touch screens and a keypad, respectively (typically with capacitive sensing).
a screen that reads back what the user is typing and shows contacts, text messages, and other information. The display is normally either a liquid-crystal display (LCD) or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display.
sound-producing speakers
SIM cards for subscribers and R-UIM cards for detachable user identities.
Some phones have a hardware notification LED.
Low-end mobile phones, also known as feature phones, provide simple telephony. Smartphones are mobile devices with more sophisticated processing capabilities enabled by native software applications.
center for processing
Central processing units (CPUs) in mobile devices resemble those in computers but are designed to work in low-power settings.
The clock rate of a mobile CPU, which is typically expressed in hertz multiples, has a significant impact on performance, but so does the memory hierarchy. Due to these issues, ratings obtained from numerous standardized tests that reflect the actual effectiveness in commonly used applications are frequently more acceptable indicators of the performance of mobile phone CPUs.
Display
The screen is one of a phone's primary features. The screen may take up the majority of the front surface area of a device, depending on its type and design. Although 16:9 is a standard aspect ratio for smartphone screens, taller aspect ratios started to appear more frequently in 2017.
Diagonal inches or millimeters are common units for measuring screen sizes, and feature phones often have screens that are less than 90 millimeters in size (3.5 in).
Phablets are terms used to describe phones with screens greater than 130 millimeters (5.2 in). Since most thumbs can't reach the entire screen surface of smartphones with screens larger than 115 millimeters (4.5 in), these devices are frequently challenging to use with just one hand; instead, they may need to be moved around in the hand, held in one hand while being operated with the other, or used stationary with both hands. While the transition to higher aspect ratios has produced phones with larger screen sizes while keeping the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays, some contemporary smartphones with enormous screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact constructions that improve their ergonomics.
Liquid-crystal displays are the most prevalent; others are IPS, LED, OLED, and AMOLED displays. Some displays are incorporated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those produced by Wacom and Samsung, and Apple's "3D Touch" system.
Sound
Smartphones and feature phones hardly differ in terms of sound. Newer smartphones frequently come with certain audio-quality boosting capabilities like Voice over LTE and HD Voice. The architecture of the phone, the caliber of the cellular network, and the compression methods used in long-distance conversations can all contribute to sound quality issues. Using a VoIP app over WiFi might enhance audio quality. Small speakers are built into smartphones so that a user can utilize the speakerphone feature and speak on the phone without having to hold it up to their ear. You can watch videos with audio and listen to digital audio files of music or conversation on the tiny speakers without having to hold the phone up to your ear.
Battery
The maximum battery life for a phone is two to three years. Many wireless gadgets employ Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries, which can be recharged 500–2500 times, depending on the battery's maintenance and charging methods. These rechargeable batteries inevitably experience chemical aging, which is why after using them for a year or two, their performance starts to suffer. By frequently draining the battery, avoiding overcharging it, and keeping it out of the heat, the battery life can be increased.
SMS device
A Subscriber Identity Module, or SIM card, is a tiny microprocessor needed by mobile phones to operate. The SIM card is often positioned behind the battery on the back of the device and is roughly the size of a little postage stamp. The service-subscriber key and the Ki, which are used to identify and authenticate the mobile phone user, are safely stored on the SIM card. If a SIM lock is not present, customers can switch phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and placing it into another mobile phone or internet telephony device. For the Finnish wireless network provider Radiolinja, the first SIM card was created in 1991 by Munich smart card manufacturer Giesecke & Devrient.
With a separate device identification for each SIM card, a hybrid mobile phone can accommodate up to four SIM cards. Both GSM and CDMA networks can be accessible by combining SIM and R-UIM cards. Such phones gained popularity in emerging nations starting in 2010, and this was ascribed to the quest for the cheapest calling rates.
The operating system may prevent continued operation until a reboot if it detects the removal of a SIM card.
Software
platforms for software
Simple software platforms run on feature phones. Modern software platforms are found in smartphones. Since 2011, Android OS has dominated the market for smartphone operating systems.
Mobile application
A computer program called a mobile app is created specifically to run on a mobile device, such a smartphone. Software application is shortened to "app" in this sentence.
Messaging
Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging is a popular data application for mobile devices. In 1992, a computer in the UK sent the first SMS message to a mobile phone, while the first phone-to-phone SMS was sent in Finland in 1993. In Finland, the first SMS-delivered mobile news service was introduced in 2000. Subsequently, various organizations offered "on-demand" and "immediate" news services via SMS. In March 2002, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was released.
retailers for applications
The launch of Apple's App Store in July 2008 for the iPhone and iPod Touch popularized manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software and computer programs) targeted for a single platform. Apps come in a vast range of categories, including video games, music, and business tools. Before that, third-party providers of apps for various platforms, like GetJar, Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear, were the main sources for the distribution of smartphone applications.
Following the success of the App Store, several smartphone makers opened their own app shops, including RIM's BlackBerry App World, Google's Android Market (later rebranded to the Google Play Store), and Aptoide, Cafe Bazaar, F-Droid, GetJar, and Opera Mobile Store, which cater to Android users. 93% of mobile app developers in February 2014 focused on creating apps for smartphones first.
Motorola dominated the mobile phone market from 1983 to 1998. From 1998 until 2012, Nokia dominated the mobile phone market. Samsung outsold Nokia in the first quarter of 2012, selling 93.5 million units to Nokia's 82.7 million. Since then, Samsung has continued to hold the top spot.
In addition to Motorola, European companies like Nokia, Siemens, and Ericsson once exercised considerable influence over the world's mobile phone business, and many innovative technologies were invented in Europe. Due to strong competition from American and Asian businesses, where the majority of technological innovation had moved, the power of European businesses had drastically diminished by 2010 as a result. United States companies Apple and Google also become the leaders in mobile phone software.
by a cellular phone provider
As of June 2018, China Mobile had over 902 million members, making it the largest individual mobile operator in the world. By the end of 2009, more than 150 mobile operators had at least one million members. Over 50 mobile carriers each have more than ten million subscribers. Around the world, there were more than 7 billion mobile phone subscribers in 2014, and this number is projected to rise.
Mobile phones are used for many things, including staying in touch with family, conducting business, and having access to a phone in case of an emergency. Some people carry multiple mobile phones, including ones for personal and professional use. To profit from the advantages of various calling plans, multiple SIM cards may be utilized. For instance, a specific plan might offer less expensive roaming, long-distance, international, or local calls.
In society, the mobile phone has been employed in a wide range of circumstances. For instance:
One in ten mobile phone users, according to a Motorola survey, have a second phone that is frequently hidden from other family members. These phones could be used for illicit commercial transactions or adulterous affairs, among other things.
Some groups offer cell phones to domestic violence victims to use in an emergency. Frequently, these are used cell phones.
The cell phone novel is the first literary genre to emerge from the cellular age. It is sent via text messaging to a website that compiles the novels as a whole.
Additionally, citizen journalism and activism are made possible by mobile phones.
According to the UN, mobile phones have spread more quickly than any other type of technology and can help the world's poorest people by giving them access to information in areas where landlines or the Internet are not, especially in the least developed nations. By creating jobs like selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing devices, the use of mobile phones also fosters a plethora of micro-enterprises.
People used to travel from village to village in Mali and other African nations to inform friends and family about weddings, births, and other events. Now that mobile phone coverage is available, which is typically more widespread than merely land-line penetration, this can be avoided.
The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile apps, advertising, social TV, and mobile TV. 86 percent of Americans are thought to use their phones while watching TV.
To inform friends and family about weddings, births, and other events, people in Mali and other African nations used to trek from village to village. This can now be prevented in regions with mobile phone coverage, which is typically wider than coverage from merely land lines.
Through mobile apps, advertising, social TV, and mobile TV, the TV business has recently begun utilizing mobile phones to promote live TV consumption. According to estimates, 86 percent of Americans watch TV while using a mobile device.
Mobile phone sharing is widespread in several regions of the world. In metropolitan India, it is common for families and groups of friends to share one or more mobile phones among themselves. In addition to the apparent economic advantages, conventional gender roles and family traditions frequently come into play. A hamlet frequently only has access to one cell phone, which is available to all residents for calls that are necessary and may be owned by a teacher or missionary.
The sale of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland in 1998 was one of the earliest instances of media content being distributed and sold via mobile phone. Then came news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV material, and advertising, among other types of media. Early mobile content typically consisted of replicas of legacy media, including banner ads or TV news highlight videos. Recently, original mobile material has started to appear, ranging from ringtones and ringback tones to mobisodes—video content created specifically for mobile phones.
distribution of content
The sale of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland in 1998 was one of the earliest instances of media content being distributed and sold via mobile phone. Then came news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV material, and advertising, among other types of media. Early mobile content typically consisted of replicas of legacy media, including banner ads or TV news highlight videos. Recently, original mobile material has started to appear, ranging from ringtones and ringback tones to mobisodes—video content created specifically for mobile phones.
Mobile payment and banking
In several nations, mobile phones are used to offer mobile banking services, some of which may let users send secure SMS text messages to transfer money. Customers of mobile phone provider Safaricom in Kenya can hold cash balances that are recorded on their SIM cards thanks to the M-PESA mobile banking service. At Safaricom retail locations spread across the nation, customers can deposit or withdraw cash from their M-PESA accounts. Cash can also be electronically transferred from one person to another and used to pay invoices to businesses.
In South Africa and the Philippines, branchless banking has also proved successful. The International Finance Corporation and Bank Mandiri, an Indonesian bank, started a trial initiative in Bali in 2011.
Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit microlending platform that enables citizens of underdeveloped nations to raise small business loans from Internet users throughout the world, is another application of mobile banking technology. Zidisha transfers money from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and access to the Internet using mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments.
When two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were made capable of accepting SMS payments in 1998, Finland began testing mobile payments. The concept eventually gained traction, and in 1999 Globe and Smart established the nation's first commercial mobile payment systems in the Philippines.
If the phone and the point of sale allow near field communication, some mobile phones can process payments via direct mobile billing schemes or contactless payments (NFC).
Manufacturers, network providers, and retail businesses must all work together to make contactless payments possible on mobile devices with NFC capabilities.
mobile monitoring
Location data is frequently gathered via mobile phones. A method known as multilateration can be used to calculate the differences in times for a signal to travel from a mobile phone to each of several cell towers nearby the owner of the phone in order to easily determine the geographic location of a mobile phone while it is turned on (regardless of whether it is being used or not).
The location of a mobile phone user can be traced by their service provider, as well as, if wanted, by their governments and law authorities. The SIM card and the phone can both be followed.
China has suggested deploying this technology to monitor residents of Beijing's commuter patterns. [64] Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in the US and the UK utilize mobile phones to conduct surveillance activities. They have access to technology that allows them to remotely activate mobile phones' microphones in order to listen in on conversations that happen close to the device.
With merely the phone number, hackers may read messages, listen to calls, even track the location of a phone.
Driving while
Mobile phone use while driving is frequent but debatable. This includes chatting on the phone, texting, and using other phone capabilities. Due to distracted driving, it is often seen as risky. It has been demonstrated that driving while distracted increases the chance of accidents. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) claimed in September 2010 that 995 individuals have died as a result of distracted driving involving cell phones. State Farm Insurance, a U.S. insurance provider, released the findings of a study in March 2011 and reported that 19% of drivers surveyed used a smartphone to access the Internet.
Mobile phone use while driving is forbidden in several areas. Mobile phone use while held in the hand or while using hands-free technology (a speakerphone) is prohibited in Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal, and Singapore. Only handheld phone use is prohibited in several U.S. states and other nations, including the UK, France, and many others, while hands-free use is allowed.
According to a 2011 study, more than 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply, or read) while operating a motor vehicle. There is a dearth of scientific research on the risks associated with texting or sending messages while operating a motor vehicle. A simulation study conducted at the University of Utah discovered a sixfold rise in accidents caused by distraction when texting.
Mobile phones are becoming more and more complex, and as a result, they resemble mobile computers in many ways. When trying to differentiate between different uses of drivers' devices, this has made it more challenging for law enforcement officers. As regulators cannot easily detect whether function of a mobile phone is being used merely by looking at the driver, this is more apparent in nations that forbid both handheld and hands-free usage rather than just handheld use. While utilizing the phone's integrated controls for the car stereo, GPS, or satnav, for example, this can result in drivers being stopped for using their device for an unlawful phone call when they were actually using it legally.
An analysis of cell phone usage while riding and its implications on behavior and safety was done in 2010. According to a national poll conducted in the US in 2013, over one in four drivers admitted to using their cellphones to browse the Internet while they were behind the wheel. A University of Vienna study looked at strategies for lowering improper and problematic mobile phone use, like using them while driving.
Talking on a cell phone while driving has started to be treated as a form of negligence, much like speeding is. Beginning on February 27, 2007, drivers who are found using a hand-held mobile phone while operating a motor vehicle in the United Kingdom will also incur a £60 fine and three points on their license. This increase was implemented in an effort to reduce the number of drivers breaking the law. Even using hands-free equipment is not permitted when using a mobile phone while driving in Japan. Since November 1, 2009, New Zealand has prohibited the usage of handheld cell phones. The use of cell phones while driving has been outlawed in many US states. Illinois became the 17th state in America to put this statute into effect.
A list of distracted driving regulations in the US is kept up to date by Public Health Law Research. For all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when the first law was passed, and 1 December 2010, this database of laws offers a thorough analysis of the contents of laws that ban the use of mobile communication devices while driving. The collection includes data on 22 dichotomous, continuous, or categorical characteristics, such as targeted groups, exemptions, and regulated behaviors (such as texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld).
As a result of the estimated 1500 pedestrian injuries caused by cellphone use in the US in 2010, several governments have tried to outlaw pedestrian cellphone use.
Effects on health
Due to the dramatic rise in mobile phone usage around the world, there has been a significant increase in interest in and research into the impact of mobile phone radiation on human health. Some people worry that the microwave-frequency electromagnetic radiation that mobile phones emit could be hazardous to people's health. There is a sizable amount of epidemiological and experimental study on humans, non-human animals, and both. The majority of the study disproves a causal link between mobile phone exposure and adverse biological effects in people. Although a large number of individual studies do reveal such a relationship or are equivocal, this is sometimes interpreted as the balance of evidence proving no harm to humans from mobile phones.
According to one study on historical mobile phone usage highlighted in the article, "the highest category of heavy users (reported average: 30 minutes per day over a 10 year period) had a 40% elevated risk for gliomas (brain cancer)." The study had previously claimed that it was unlikely that cell phones or their base stations would cause cancer and that there was no strong evidence for any other negative health impacts. These figures, however, were called into question by a study that appeared in the British Medical Journal on March 24, 2012, because brain cancer incidence has not increased in lockstep with mobile phone usage. Due to unknown health risks, certain nations, notably France, have issued warnings against the use of mobile phones by adolescents in particular.
By using the circuit as developed in mobile phones and mobile exchanges, mobile pollution caused by electromagnetic waves can be reduced by up to 90%.
The U.S. government released early data from a lengthy research in May 2016 that revealed radio-frequency (RF) radiation, the kind generated by cell phones, can lead to cancer.
impact on education
According to a London School of Economics study, preventing students from using mobile devices in class could improve their academic performance and result in savings equal to an extra week of school per year.
Regulation of electronic trash
According to studies, the production of printed wiring boards and integrated circuits for mobile phones has an environmental impact of between 40 and 50 percent.
Every 11 to 18 months on average, users upgrade their mobile phones, which results in an increase in electronic trash. Australia has implemented a mobile phone recycling program, and mobile phone makers in Europe are governed by the WEEE directive.
For recycling old or damaged iPhones, Apple Inc. developed a sophisticated robotic disassembler and sorter named Liam.
Regulation of electronic trash
According to studies, the production of printed wiring boards and integrated circuits for mobile phones has an environmental impact of between 40 and 50 percent.
Every 11 to 18 months on average, users upgrade their mobile phones, which results in an increase in electronic trash. Australia has implemented a mobile phone recycling program, and mobile phone makers in Europe are governed by the WEEE directive.
For recycling old or damaged iPhones, Apple Inc. developed a sophisticated robotic disassembler and sorter named Liam.
Theft
One out of every three robberies, according to the Federal Communications Commission, involves the theft of a cell phone. [Reference needed] According to San Francisco police statistics, cell phone thefts accounted for 50% of all robberies in 2012. Secure our Smartphones, a Change.org online petition, requested smartphone makers to incorporate kill switches into their products to render them useless in the event of theft. The petition was sent to the CEOs of the top smartphone makers and telecommunications companies as part of an initiative by the attorneys general of New York and San Francisco, respectively, Eric Schneiderman and George Gascón. On June 10, 2013, Apple said that its upcoming, October 2013-slated iPhone operating system would include a "death switch."
A special number called the IMEI is a feature of all mobile phones. Anyone can notify their telecom provider that their phone has been lost or stolen, and the IMEI will be blacklisted with a central register. Telecom providers may or may not restrict blacklisted phones in their network based on local regulations. However, there are several ways to get around a blacklist. Sending the phone to a nation where telecom providers are not required to adopt blacklisting and selling it there is one strategy. Another involves changing the phone's IMEI number. [103] Even yet, if a mobile phone's original IMEI is banned, the device normally has less value on the secondary market.
A biological group in Poland fitted a white stork with a GPS tracker and released it. During the stork's autumn migration over the Blue Nile valley in eastern Sudan, someone stole the tracker and stole a mobile-phone-type sim card from it. He then put the card in his phone and made 20 hours of calls, racking up a bill for the biological group of over 10,000 Polish zlotys (US$2,700).
conflict mineral
The Second Congo War, which resulted in the deaths of about 5.5 million people, was fueled by the need for metals used in devices like mobile phones. The Guardian claimed in a 2012 news item: "Children are at work extracting minerals necessary for the electronics sector in dangerous mines located deep down in eastern Congo. The bloodiest battle since the Second World War—which has lasted nearly 20 years and recently flared up again—is financed by the miners' revenues. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been a significant natural resource supplier to the mobile phone sector for the past 15 years." A mobile phone without conflict minerals has been created by the business Fairphone.
The Orthodox Jewish rabbinate in Britain recommended that children not use phones with text-messaging capability; to address this, they gave their official approval to a brand of "Kosher" phones with no texting capabilities. The rabbinate had concerns that texting by youths could waste time and result in "immodest" communication. Despite the fact that these phones are meant to discourage modesty, some sellers report strong sales to adults who enjoy the gadgets' simplicity; other Orthodox Jews doubt their utility.
In Israel, kosher phones with limited functions are available to keep the sabbath; in Orthodox Judaism, the use of any electrical device during this time is often forbidden, save for purposes that involve saving lives, reducing the risk of death, or needs of a similar nature. Essential employees, including those in the health, security, and public service sectors, are permitted to use such phones.
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