Television, also known as TV or telly, is a telecommunication medium that transmits moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, a television show, or the medium used to transmit television signals. Television is a popular advertising, entertainment, news, and sports medium.
Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s, but it wasn't until several years later that the new technology was marketed to consumers. Following WWII, improved black-and-white television broadcasting became popular in the United Kingdom and the United States, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. Television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion in the 1950s.Color broadcasting was introduced in the United States and most other developed countries in the mid-1960s.
The availability of various types of archival storage media, such as Betamax and VHS tapes, high-capacity hard disk drives, DVDs, flash drives, high-definition Blu-ray Discs, and cloud digital video recorders, has allowed viewers to watch pre-recorded material, such as movies, at their leisure. Television and video programming are now stored on the cloud for a variety of reasons, including the convenience of remote retrieval (such as the video on demand service by Netflix). Digital television transmissions gained popularity near the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. Another advancement was the transition from standard-definition television (SDTV) (576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution and 480i) to high-definition television (HDTV), which has a significantly higher resolution.
HDTV can be broadcast in three different resolutions: 1080p, 1080i, and 720p. Internet television has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet since 2010, with the invention of smart television, through streaming video services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, iPlayer, and Hulu.
In 2013, 79 percent of all households in the world owned a television set. The replacement of earlier cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen displays with compact, energy-efficient flat-panel alternative technologies such as LCDs (both fluorescent-backlit and LED), OLED displays, and plasma displays was a hardware revolution that began in the late 1990s with computer monitors. The majority of television sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, primarily LEDs. By the mid-2010s, major manufacturers had announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs.
LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs in the near future. In addition, major manufacturers have stated that they will begin producing smart TVs in the mid-2010s. By the late 2010s, smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions had become the dominant form of television.
Initially, television signals were distributed only via terrestrial television, with high-powered radio-frequency television transmitters broadcasting the signal to individual television receivers. Television signals are also distributed via coaxial cable or optical fiber, satellite systems, and, since the 2000s, the Internet. These were transmitted as analog signals until the early 2000s, but the transition to digital television was expected to be completed worldwide by the late 2010s. A typical television set is made up of a number of internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A video monitor, not a television, is the correct term for a visual display device that does not have a tuner.
Etymology
The term television is derived from the Ancient Greek (tele) 'far' and the Latin visio'sight'. The term was first used in a paper presented in French by Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi at the first International Congress of Electricity, which took place from August 18 to 25, 1900, during the International World Fair in Paris.
The term was first used in an anglicized form in 1907, when it was still "...a theoretical system to transmit moving images over telegraph or telephone wires.It was "...created in English or adapted from French television.
It was "...written in English or adapted from French television." Other "...proposals for the name of a then-hypothetical technology for sending pictures over distance in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were telephote (1880) and televista (1904)."
The abbreviation TV dates back to 1948. The term "a television set" first appeared in 1941. The term "television as a medium" was first used in 1927.
.In the United Kingdom, the slang term telly is more common. The term "the tube" or "boob tube" refers to the bulky cathode-ray tube that was used on most televisions prior to the introduction of flat-screen televisions. Another slang term for television is "idiot box."
Also, during the early rapid growth of television programming and television set ownership in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, another slang term became widely used and continues to be used today to distinguish productions originally created for broadcast on television from films developed for presentation in movie theaters. The "small screen," as a compound adjective and noun, came to refer to television, whereas the "big screen" came to refer to films.
History
Mechanical
In the early nineteenth century, facsimile transmission systems for still photographs pioneered methods of mechanical scanning of images. Between 1843 and 1846, Alexander Bain invented the facsimile machine. In 1851, Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version. In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered the element selenium's photoconductivity. In 1884, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old German university student, proposed and patented the Nipkow disk. This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it, each of which scanned a line of the image. Despite the fact that he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk "image rasterizer" became extremely popular.
On August 24, 1900, Constantin Perskyi coined the term "television" in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris. Perskyi's paper reviewed existing electromechanical technologies, citing Nipkow and others' work. However, it wasn't until 1907 that advancements in amplification tube technology, led by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn, made the design feasible.
When amplification made television practical in the 1920s, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird used the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems. Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion on March 25, 1925, at London's Selfridges department store. Because human faces had insufficient contrast to be seen on his primitive system, he televised a ventriloquist's dummy named "Stooky Bill," whose painted face had higher contrast and was talking and moving. By January 26, 1926, he had demonstrated radio transmission of an image of a moving face. This is widely regarded as the first public television demonstration in history. Baird's system scanned and displayed the image on the Nipkow disk.
A well-lit subject was placed in front of a spinning Nipkow disk outfitted with lenses that swept images across a static photocell. Theodore Case developed the thallium sulphide (Thalofide) cell in the United States, which detected light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal. This was sent via AM radio waves to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk that rotated in sync with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was adjusted in proportion to the brightness of each image spot.
One scan line of the image was reproduced as each hole in the disk passed by. Baird's disk had 30 holes, which resulted in an image with only 30 scan lines, enough to recognize a human face. Baird sent a signal over 438 miles (705 kilometers) of telephone line between London and Glasgow in 1927.
Charles Francis Jenkins, a US inventor, was also a forerunner of television. He published an article on "Motion Pictures by Wireless" in 1913, transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses in December 1923, and publicly demonstrated synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures on June 13, 1925. Jenkins used the Nipkow disk in 1925 to transmit the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion over a distance of 5 miles (8 km) from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C., using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. On June 30, 1925, he was granted U.S. Patent No. 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over Wireless) (filed 13 March 1922).
On April 7, 1927, Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television. Their reflected-light television system was equipped with both small and large viewing screens. The 2-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen on the small receiver (5 by 6 cm). The large receiver's screen measured 24 inches wide by 30 inches high (60 by 75 cm). Both sets could reproduce reasonably accurate monochromatic moving images. The sets received synchronized sound along with the images. The images were transmitted via two paths: a copper wire link from Washington to New York City, followed by a radio link from Whippany, New Jersey.
By 1927, Theremin had achieved a resolution of 100 lines, which was not surpassed until May 1932 by RCA, with 120 lines.
Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that used a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan on December 25, 1926. This prototype is still on display at Shizuoka University's Hamamatsu Campus' Takayanagi Memorial Museum. Following World War II, the SCAP halted his research into developing a production model.
Image resolution on mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines to 120 or so, because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks and disks larger than a certain diameter became impractical. Nonetheless, as technology advanced, the image quality of 30-line transmissions improved, and by 1933, UK broadcasts using the Baird system were available.
Nonetheless, as technology advanced, the image quality of 30-line transmissions improved, and by 1933, UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear. A few systems in the 200-line range were also activated. Two of these were the 180-line system installed in Paris by Compagnie des Compteurs (CDC) in 1935 and the 180-line system installed in Montreal by Peck Television Corp. at station VE9AK in 1935. The advent of all-electronic television (including image dissectors and other camera tubes, as well as cathode-ray tubes for the reproducer) signaled the end of mechanical systems as the dominant form of television.
Despite its inferior image quality and generally smaller picture, mechanical television would remain the primary television technology until the 1930s. Mechanical telecasts were discontinued in 1939 at stations operated by a number of public universities in the United States.
Electronic
J. J. Thomson, an English physicist, was able to deflect cathode rays in three well-known experiments in 1897, which is a fundamental function of the modern cathode-ray tube (CRT). The first CRT was invented in 1897 by German physicist Ferdinand Braun and is also known as the "Braun" tube. It was a cold-cathode diode, a Crookes tube modification with a phosphor-coated screen. Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage of Germany created the first raster images in a CRT in 1906. Boris Rosing, a Russian scientist, formed a picture using a CRT at the receiving end of an experimental video signal in 1907. He was able to draw simple geometric shapes on the screen.
Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, a Royal Society (UK) fellow, published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in 1908 describing how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode-ray tube, or Braun tube, as both a transmitting and receiving device. In a speech given in London in 1911, he expanded on his vision, which was reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society. Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton in a letter to Nature published in October 1926.
They attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate while scanning it with a cathode ray beam. These experiments were carried out prior to Minchin's death in March 1914, but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, H. Miller and J. W. Strange from EMI and H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA. With the original Campbell-selenium-coated Swinton's plate, both teams were able to transmit "very faint" images. Although others had tried using a cathode-ray tube as a receiver, the idea of using one as a transmitter was new.The first cathode-ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by Western Electric's John B. Johnson (who coined the term "Johnson noise") and Harry Weiner Weinhart, and went on sale in 1922.
Kálmán Tihanyi, a Hungarian engineer, designed a television system in 1926 that used fully electronic scanning and display elements and the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or "camera") tube. Kálmán Tihanyi's introduction of charge-storage technology in 1924 would solve the problem of low light sensitivity resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or "camera" tubes. His solution was a camera tube that collected and stored electrical charges ("photoelectrons") within it during each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application for a television system called "Radioskop" that he filed in Hungary in March 1926. Following additional refinements included in a 1928 patent application,
Tihanyi's patent was declared void in the United Kingdom in 1930, so he sought patents in the United States. Although his breakthrough was incorporated into the design of RCA's "iconoscope" in 1931, Tihanyi's transmitting tube was not granted a US patent until May 1939. His receiving tube patent had been granted the previous October. RCA had purchased both patents prior to their approval. Charge storage is still a fundamental principle in the design of television imaging devices today. On December 25, 1926, Japanese inventor Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40-line resolution and a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan.
Allen B. DuMont created the first CRTs that lasted 1,000 hours of use in the 1930s, which was one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of television.
Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, on September 7, 1927, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently by September 3, 1928, to hold a press demonstration. This is widely regarded as the first demonstration of electronic television. In 1929, the system was further improved by the removal of a motor generator, resulting in his television system having no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth used his system to transmit the first live human images, including a three-and-a-half-inch image of his wife Elma ("Pem") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required).
Vladimir Zworykin, meanwhile, was experimenting with the cathode-ray tube to create and display images. In 1923, while working for Westinghouse Electric, he began developing an electronic camera tube. However, the image in a 1925 demonstration was dim, had low contrast and definition, and was stationary. Zworykin's imaging tube never made it out of the lab. However, RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, claimed that Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector patent was written so broadly that it would cover any other electronic imaging device. Thus, RCA filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth based on Zworykin's 1923 patent application.
In a 1935 decision, a US Patent Office examiner disagreed, awarding Farnsworth priority of invention over Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system could not produce an electrical image of the type required to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application, which he also divided in 1931. Zworykin was unable or unwilling to present evidence of a working model of his tube based on his patent application from 1923.
In 1944, the Soviet Union developed the world's first 625-line television standard, which became a national standard in 1946. In 1948, the first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in Moscow. The concept of 625 lines per frame was later adopted by the European CCIR standard. Kálmán Tihanyi, the inventor of the first flat panel display system, described the principle of plasma display in 1936.
Early electronic television sets were large and bulky, with vacuum tube analog circuits. Sony founder Masaru Ibuka predicted in 1952, following the invention of the first working transistor at Bell Labs, that the transition to electronic circuits made of transistors would result in smaller and more portable television sets. The 8-inch Sony TV8-301, developed in 1959 and released in 1960, was the first fully transistorized, portable solid-state television set. This marked the beginning of the transformation of television viewing from a communal to a solitary experience. Sony had sold over 4 million portable television sets worldwide by 1960.
Color
The basic concept of combining three monochrome images to create a color image had been tested almost since the invention of black-and-white televisions. Although he provided no practical details, one of the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, which included the first mentions of line and frame scanning in television literature.
In 1897, Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system that used a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet at the receiver to control an oscillating mirror and a moving prism. However, his system lacked the capability of analyzing the color spectrum at the transmitting end and could not have worked as he described. Hovannes Adamian, another inventor, experimented with color television as early as 1907. He claims to have invented the first color television project, which was patented in Germany on March 31, 1908, patent No. 197183, then in the United Kingdom on April 1, 1908, patent No. 7219, in France (patent No. 390326), and in Russia in 1910. (patent No. 17912).
The first color broadcast (the first episode of the live show The Marriage) took place on July 8, 1954, but for the next ten years, most network broadcasts and nearly all local programming remained in black-and-white. Color television sets did not become popular until the mid-1960s, thanks in part to the color transition of 1965, when it was announced that more than half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that fall. One year later, the first all-color prime-time season aired. The final holdout among daytime network programs converted to color in 1972, resulting in the first all-color network season.
The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented at Bell Labs in 1959 and first demonstrated in 1960. RCA was using MOSFETs in their consumer television products by the mid-1960s. W.M. Austin, J.A. Dean, D.M. Griswold, and O.P. Hart of RCA Laboratories described the use of the MOSFET in television circuits in 1966, including RF amplifier, low-level video, chroma, and AGC circuits. Later, the power MOSFET was widely used in television receiver circuits.
Color set sales finally surpassed black-and-white set sales in 1972. Color broadcasting in Europe did not become standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s, with broadcasts beginning in 1967. Many of the technical issues in the early sets had been resolved by this point, and the spread of color sets in Europe was fairly rapid. By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets, and a few low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets, such as vacation destinations.
Even the last of these had converted to color by 1979, and by the early 1980s, B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, most notably low-power applications, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s, even these areas had switched to color television sets.
Digital
In contrast to analog television, which uses completely analog and channel separated signals, digital television uses digitally processed and multiplexed signals to transmit audio and video. Digital television can support multiple programs in the same channel bandwidth due to data compression. It is an innovative service that represents the most significant advancement in television broadcast technology since the introduction of color television in the 1950s. The origins of digital television are inextricably linked to the availability of low-cost, high-performance computers. Digital television did not become possible until the 1990s.
Due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed digital video,] digital television was previously not practicable, requiring around 200 Mbit/s for a standard-definition television (SDTV) signal and more than 1 Gbit/s for high-definition television (HDTV) (HDTV).
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication (MPT) in Japan proposed a digital television service in 1986, as part of plans to develop a "Integrated Network System" service. However, it was not practical to implement such a digital television service until the early 1990s, when DCT video compression technology made it possible.
Progressive scanning, a format long used by the computer industry for computer display monitors, scans each line in sequence, from top to bottom. When compared to interlaced scanning, progressive scanning effectively doubles the amount of data generated for each full screen displayed by painting the screen in one pass in 1/60-second rather than two passes in 1/30-second. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior to interlaced scanning because it does not "flicker" on the new standard of display devices as interlaced scanning does. It also claimed that progressive scanning allows for easier Internet connections and can be converted to interlaced formats more cheaply than vice versa.
Progressive scanning was also supported by the film industry because it provided a more efficient method of converting filmed programming into digital formats. The consumer electronics industry and broadcasters, for their part, argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology capable of transmitting the highest quality images then (and now) possible, i.e., 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line. Interlaced scanning was also preferred by broadcasters because their vast archive of interlaced programming is incompatible with a progressive format.
William F. Schreiber, director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, believed that the continued support for interlaced equipment stemmed from consumer electronics companies seeking to recoup their significant investments in interlaced technology.
The transition to digital television began in the late 2000s. All governments around the world have set the 2010s as the deadline for analog shutdown. Because the first digital tuner-equipped television sets were expensive, adoption was slow at first. However, as the cost of digital-capable television sets fell, an increasing number of households began to convert to digital television sets. The global transition is expected to be completed by the mid to late 2010s.
Smart television
The introduction of digital television enabled innovations such as smart television sets. A smart television, also known as connected TV or hybrid TV, is a television set or set-top box that includes integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features. It is an example of technological convergence between computers, television sets, and set-top boxes. Aside from the traditional functions provided by television sets and set-top boxes via traditional Broadcasting media, these devices can also provide Internet TV, online interactive media, over-the-top content, on-demand streaming media, and home networking access. These televisions include an operating system.
Smart TV is not the same as Internet TV, Internet Protocol television (IPTV), or Web TV. Internet television refers to receiving television content via the Internet rather than traditional systems such as terrestrial, cable, and satellite (although internet itself is received by these methods). IPTV is a new Internet television technology standard that television networks can use. Web television (WebTV) refers to programs produced by a wide range of businesses and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. A first patent for a "intelligent" television system linked with data processing systems via a digital or analog network was filed in 1994 (and extended the following year).
Aside from being linked to data networks, one key feature is its ability to automatically download and process necessary software routines based on a user's demand. In 2015, major TV manufacturers have announced that they will only produce smart TVs for middle- and high-end TVs. Smart TVs have become more affordable since their introduction, with 46 million U.S. households owning at least one as of 2019.
3D
3D television uses techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other type of 3D display to convey depth perception to the viewer. The majority of modern 3D television sets employ an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic, requiring no glasses. On 10 August 1928, John Logie Baird demonstrated stereoscopic 3D television for the first time in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London. Baird invented several 3D television systems that used electromechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. In 1935, the first 3D television was produced. The introduction of digital television in the 2000s significantly improved 3D television sets.
Although 3D television sets are popular for watching 3D home media such as Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has yet to gain traction with the general public. Many 3D television channels that debuted in the early 2010s were decommissioned by the mid-2010s. According to DisplaySearch, 3D television shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012, up from 24.14 million in 2011 and 2.26 million in 2010. By late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers had begun to decline.
System of broadcasting
Television on the ground
Television stations, also known as "channels," broadcast programming because they are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over specific channels in the television band. Initially, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way for television to be widely distributed, and because bandwidth was limited, i.e., there were only a few channels available, government regulation was the norm. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941, but required public service programming commitments as a license requirement.
In contrast, the United Kingdom took a different approach, levying a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which was founded on public service.
WRGB claims to be the world's oldest television station, with its origins in an experimental station founded on January 13, 1928, broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady, NY, under the call letters W2XB.
It was commonly referred to as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later that year, in 1928, General Electric opened a second facility, this time in New York City, with the call letters W2XBS, which is now known as WNBC. As receivers were operated by engineers within the company, the two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming. For several years, engineers tested new technology by broadcasting an image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable for two hours every day. The BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London on November 2, 1936.
As a result, it now claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it.
Terrestrial television broadcasts have been declining since the widespread adoption of cable in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s; in 2013, it was estimated that approximately 7% of US households used an antenna. The switchover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts, which offered pristine image quality over very large areas and offered an alternative to cable television (CATV) for cord cutters, caused a slight increase in use around 2010. Every other country in the world is either shutting down analog terrestrial television or transitioning to digital terrestrial television.
Television via cable
Cable television is a method of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers using radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted via coaxial cables or light pulses transmitted via fiber-optic cables. In contrast, traditional terrestrial television transmits the television signal over the air via radio waves and is received by a television antenna attached to the television. In the 2000s, these cables may also carry FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and other non-television services. CATV is an abbreviation for cable television in the United States.
Satellite television is a method of delivering television programming by relaying broadcast signals from communication satellites. The signals are received using a satellite dish and an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna with a low-noise block downconverter (LNB). The desired television program is then decoded by a satellite receiver and displayed on a television set. Receivers can be external set-top boxes or television tuners built into the device. Satellite television offers a diverse range of channels and services, particularly in areas without terrestrial or cable television.
Direct-broadcast satellite television signals were initially analog and later digital, and both require a compatible receiver. High-definition television is one example of a digital signal (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are free-to-air or free-to-view, while many others require a subscription. In 1945, British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a global communications system based on three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of Wireless World magazine and earned him the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963.
The most common method of reception is direct-broadcast satellite television (DBSTV), also known as "direct to home" (DTH). In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the Ku wavelength and are completely digital. Previously, satellite TV systems used television receive-only systems. These systems required the use of large dishes to receive analog signals transmitted in the C-band spectrum by FSS satellites. As a result, these systems were dubbed "big dish" systems and were more expensive and less popular.
On July 23, 1962, the first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed over the Atlantic by the Telstar satellite. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries, with over 100 million people watching. The Relay 1 satellite, launched in 1962, was the first to transmit television signals from the United States to Japan. Syncom 2, the first geosynchronous communication satellite, was launched on July 26, 1963.
On April 6, 1965, the world's first commercial communications satellite, Intelsat I, dubbed "Early Bird," was launched into geosynchronous orbit. The Soviet Union established the first national network of television satellites, Orbita, in October 1967, based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering television signals to ground downlink stations. Canada's geostationary Anik 1, launched on November 9, 1972, was the first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions. On May 30, 1974, the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), ATS-6, was launched.
It used 860 MHz wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were aimed at the Indian subcontinent, but experimenters in Western Europe were able to receive the signal using home-built equipment based on UHF television design techniques already in use.
Ekran 1, the first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites carrying Direct-To-Home television, was launched on October 26, 1976. It used a UHF downlink frequency of 714 MHz so that transmissions could be received using existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology.
Television via the internet
Internet television (or online television) is the digital distribution of television content over the Internet as opposed to traditional systems such as terrestrial, cable, and satellite, despite the fact that the Internet itself is received via terrestrial, cable, or satellite methods. Internet television is a broad term that refers to the delivery of television series and other video content via video streaming technology over the Internet, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. Internet television is not the same as Smart TV, IPTV, or Web TV. A smart television is a television set that includes an operating system. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is a new Internet television technology standard that television networks can use.
Web television refers to programs produced by a wide range of businesses and individuals for broadcast on Internet television.
Sets
A television set, also known as a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or "telly," is a device that combines a tuner, display, an amplifier, and speakers for viewing and hearing television's audio components. Television sets, which were introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode-ray tubes. After the addition of color to broadcast television in 1953, television sets became even more popular, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. In the 1970s, the ubiquitous television set became the display device for recorded media, such as Betamax and VHS, allowing viewers to record TV shows and watch prerecorded movies.
In the following decades, television sets were used to watch movies and other content on DVDs and Blu-ray Discs. Major television manufacturers announced that CRT, DLP, plasma, and fluorescent-backlit LCDs would be phased out by the mid-2010s. LEDs have been used extensively in televisions since the 2010s. LEDs are expected to be gradually phased out in favor of OLEDs in the near future.
Technologies for displaying information
Disk
CRT
The cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns (electronic sources or emitters) and a fluorescent screen for viewing images. It is capable of accelerating and deflecting electron beams onto the screen in order to generate images. The images could be electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets, or something else entirely. The evacuated glass envelope used by the CRT is large, deep (i.e. long from the front screen face to the rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. To ensure safety, the face is typically made of thick lead glass that is highly shatter-resistant and blocks the majority of X-ray emissions, especially if the CRT is used in a consumer product.
The entire front area of the tube in television sets and computer monitors is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern known as a raster. Controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams, one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue), with a video signal as a reference, produces an image. Although electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes, a type of diagnostic instrument, magnetic deflection is used in all modern CRT monitors and televisions. Magnetic deflection is a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube.
DLP
DLP (Digital Light Processing) is a video projector technology that employs a digital micromirror device. Some DLPs include a TV tuner, making them a type of TV display. It was created in 1987 by Dr. Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments. While Texas Instruments invented the DLP imaging device, Digital Projection Ltd introduced the first DLP-based projector in 1997. In 1998, both Digital Projection and Texas Instruments received Emmy Awards for developing DLP projector technology. DLP is used in a wide range of display applications, including traditional static displays, interactive displays, and non-traditional embedded applications such as medical, security, and industrial applications.
DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units used primarily in classrooms and businesses), but it is also used in private homes, where the image is projected onto a projection screen. DLP is also used in digital signs and DLP rear projection television sets. It is also used in approximately 85% of digital cinema projection.
Plasma
A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display that is commonly found in large television displays that are 30 inches (76 cm) or larger. They are referred to as "plasma" displays because the technology makes use of small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, or chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps.
LCD
Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that produce images using LCD display technology. LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than cathode-ray tube (CRT) televisions of comparable display size, and they come in much larger sizes (e.g., 90-inch diagonal). As manufacturing costs decreased, this combination of features made LCDs suitable for television receivers. LCDs are classified into two types: those that use cold cathode fluorescent lamps, known as LCDs, and those that use LEDs as backlights, known as LEDs.
LCD television sets surpassed CRT-based television sets in global sales for the first time in 2007, and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD television sets have quickly displaced the only significant competitors in the large-screen market, the Plasma display panel and rear-projection television. [189] By the mid-2010s, LCDs, particularly LEDs, had become by far the most widely produced and sold television display type. LCDs have drawbacks as well. Other technologies, such as OLEDs, FED, and SED, address these shortcomings, but none have reached widespread production as of 2014.
OLED
The emissive electroluminescent layer of an OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic semiconductor layer is sandwiched between two electrodes. At least one of these electrodes is usually transparent. OLEDs are used to make digital displays for devices like television screens. It is also used in computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles, and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
OLEDs are classified into two types: those that use small molecules and those that use polymers. When mobile ions are added to an OLED, a light-emitting electrochemical cell, or LEC, is formed with a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can be addressed using either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs require a thin-film transistor backplane to turn each individual pixel on and off, but they provide higher resolution and larger display sizes.
An OLED display does not require a backlight. As a result, it can display deep black levels while also being thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD).
In low-light environments, such as a dark room, an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD screen, regardless of whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlight. In the near future, OLEDs are expected to replace other types of displays.
Resolution of the display
LD
Low-definition television, also known as LDTV, refers to television systems with lower screen resolutions than standard-definition television systems, such as 240p (320*240). It is employed in portable television. The Internet is the most common source of LDTV programming, but mass distribution of higher-resolution video files could overload computer servers and cause them to take too long to download. Many mobile phones and portable devices use LDTV video because higher-resolution files would be too large for their small screens (320240 and 480272 pixels, respectively). The current iPod Nano generation, as well as the first three generations of the iPod Touch and iPhone (480320), have LDTV screens.
Due to its resolution (approximately 360 480i/576i), a standard consumer grade videotape can be considered SDTV.
SD
SDTV refers to two different resolutions: 576i, which has 576 interlaced lines of resolution, and 480i, which is based on the American National Television System Committee NTSC system. SDTV refers to a television system with a resolution that isn't called high-definition (720p, 1080i, 1080p, 1440p, 4K UHDTV, and 8K UHD) or enhanced-definition (720p, 1080p, 1440p, 4K UHDTV, and 8K UHD) (EDTV 480p). Widescreen programming is center cut in North America, with digital SDTV broadcasting in the same 4:3 aspect ratio as NTSC transmissions.
Standard-definition television is now frequently aired with a 16:9 aspect ratio in other parts of the world that used the PAL or SECAM color systems, with the changeover occurring between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s. Non-ATSC countries choose to limit the horizontal resolution by anamorphically scaling a pillarboxed image, therefore older programs with a 4:3 aspect ratio are presented as 4:3.
HD
The resolution of high-definition television (HDTV) is significantly higher than that of standard-definition television.
HDTV can be broadcast in a variety of formats, including:
1080i: 1920x1080p: 2,073,600 pixels (2.07 megapixels) every frame 1080p: 1920x1080p: 2,073,600 pixels (2.07 megapixels) per frame 1080p: 1920x1080p: 2,073,600 pixels (2. 1920x1080i: 1,036,800 pixels per field (1.04 MP) or 2,073,600 pixels per frame (2.07 MP)
Some nations use a non-standard CEA resolution, such as 14401080i: 777,600 pixels (0.78% MP) each field or 1,555,200 pixels (1.56% MP) every frame 720p: 921,600 pixels (0.92 MP) per frame in 1280720p
UHD
4K UHD (2160p) and 8K UHD (4320p), which are two digital video formats proposed by NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories and defined and approved by the International Telecommunication Union, are examples of ultra-high-definition television (also known as Super Hi-Vision, Ultra HD television, UltraHD, UHDTV, or UHD) (ITU). On October 17, 2012, the Consumer Electronics Association declared that "Ultra High Definition," or "Ultra HD," would be used for displays with at least a 16:9 aspect ratio and at least one digital input capable of transporting and showing natural video at a minimum resolution of 38402160 pixels.
Share of the market
Consumers in North America buy a new television set every seven years on average, and the average home possesses 2.8 televisions. As of 2011, 48 million units were sold annually, with an average price of $460 and a 38-inch diameter (97 cm).
Content
Programming
There are a variety of ways to get TV content in front of the public. Following production, the product must be marketed and delivered to whatever markets are willing to accept it. This usually takes place on two levels:
Original run or first run: a producer develops a one- or multiple-episode program and broadcasts it on a station or network that has either paid for the production or has been granted a license to do so by the television producers.
Broadcast syndication is a phrase that is used to describe a variety of secondary programming applications (beyond original run). It covers not only secondary runs in the country of first release, but also foreign usage that the originating producer may not be aware of. Other firms, television stations, or individuals are frequently hired to conduct the syndication task, or to distribute the program into the markets that the copyright holders, in most cases the creators, have granted them permission to sell into.
Outside of the United States, subscription services are growing first-run content, although few domestically produced programs are distributed on domestic free-to-air (FTA) elsewhere. However, on digital-only FTA stations or with subscriber-only, first-run programs appearing on FTA, this technique is becoming more common. In contrast to the United States, FTA network program repeat screenings are normally limited to that network. In addition, affiliates rarely purchase or produce non-network programming that is not geared toward local audiences.
Genres
Television genres cover a wide spectrum of shows that entertain, inform, and educate their audiences. Dramas and dramatic miniseries are frequently the most expensive entertainment categories to create. Other genres, like as historical Westerns, may, on the other hand, have substantial production expenditures.
Action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows are examples of pop culture entertainment genres. There are also other types of dramas, such as medical dramas and daytime dramas. Depending on whether they focus on philosophical problems or high adventure, science fiction series might be classified as drama or action. Comedy is a prominent genre that includes adult animation series such as Comedy Central's South Park and situation comedy (sitcom).
Game shows, chat shows, variety shows, and reality television are the least expensive forms of entertainment programming. Contestants on game shows answer questions and solve puzzles in order to win rewards. Interviews with celebrities and public personalities from the film, television, music, and sports industries are included on talk shows. Variety shows involve a host or Master of Ceremonies who introduces a variety of musical performers and other entertainers such as comedians and magicians.
Because prominent talk shows frequently contain performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between interview portions, there is some crossover between talk shows and variety shows. Reality television shows include "normal" people (i.e., not actors) who face unique obstacles or events, ranging from cop arrest to dramatic weight reduction (The Biggest Loser).
Celebrities are depicted in a derivative form of reality shows going about their daily lives (The Osbournes, Snoop Dogg's Father Hood) or doing conventional occupations (The Simple Life).
Series like Twin Peaks and The Sopranos are fictional television shows that some television professors and broadcasting advocacy groups think are "great television." Some of these television shows, according to Kristin Thompson, share characteristics with art cinema, such as psychological realism, narrative intricacy, and confusing plotlines. Nonfiction television programs that some television experts and broadcasting advocacy groups claim constitute "excellent television" include documentaries and public affairs shows, as well as a variety of serious, noncommercial programming aimed at a specialized audience.
Funding
Government, advertising, licensing (a type of tax), subscription, or any combination of these are used to fund broadcast television around the world. Subscription television channels are frequently encrypted to guarantee that only subscribers receive the decryption codes to view the signal, in order to safeguard earnings. Free to air, or FTA, channels are those that are not encrypted. In 2009, there were 1,217.2 million TV homes with at least one TV and total revenues of 268.9 billion EUR in the global TV market (declining 1.2 percent compared to 2008). North America had the largest TV revenue market share, accounting for 39%, followed by Europe (31%), Asia-Pacific (21%), Latin America (8%), and Africa and the Middle East (7%). (2 percent ).
The various TV revenue sources are split into 45–50 percent TV advertising revenues, 40–45 percent subscription fees, and 10% governmental financing globally.
Advertising
Because of its wide reach, television is a powerful and appealing medium for advertisers. To fund their programming, several television networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisements ("sponsors"). In American English, a television commercial, commercial, or ad is a segment of television programming produced and paid for by a company to convey a message, usually to market a product or service. In British English, an advert is a segment of television programming produced and paid for by a company to convey a message, usually to market a product or service. Most privately held television networks rely heavily on advertising revenue for their funding. The vast majority of television commercials today are short commercial spots that last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes (as well as program-length infomercials).
Since the invention of television, this type of advertisement has been used to promote a wide range of goods, services, and ideas.
On July 1, 1941, during a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies, the first official, paid television advertising was shown in the United States over New York station WNBT (now WNBC). The Bulova watch announcement used a WNBT test pattern modified to seem like a clock with the hands telling the time, for which the business paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 (reports vary). The Bulova emblem was displayed in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern, along with the text "Bulova Watch Time," as the second hand swept around the dial for one minute.
On September 22, 1955, ITV broadcasted the first TV commercial in the United Kingdom, advertising Gibbs SR toothpaste. On August 28, 1953, Nippon Television in Tokyo broadcasted the first TV commercial in Asia, advertising Seikosha (now Seiko), which also featured a clock with the current time.
United States
Television ads have been one of the most effective, compelling, and popular techniques of selling products of all kinds, especially consumer goods, since its beginning in the United States in 1941. Programs were hosted by single advertisers during the 1940s and 1950s. As a result, marketers had a lot of creative power over the show's content. Perhaps as a result of the 1950s quiz show controversies, networks changed to a magazine format, providing advertisement breaks with different advertisers.
Nielsen ratings are the primary determinant of advertising pricing in the United States. The cost of a TV advertising is determined by the time of day and the popularity of the channel. For example, a 30-second block of advertising time during the very popular singing competition American Idol can cost around $750,000, whereas the same amount of time during the Super Bowl can cost several million dollars. In contrast, less-watched time slots, such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are sometimes sold in bulk to infomercial producers at far lower rates. The paid show, often known as an infomercial, has been increasingly popular in recent years, usually lasting 30 minutes or an hour.
Some pharmaceutical corporations and other businesses have even manufactured "news" items for broadcast, dubbed "video news releases" in the industry, and paid program directors to air them.
Some television shows purposefully incorporate products into their episodes as advertising, a practice known as product placement that originated in feature films. For example, a character might be sipping a specific soda, dining at a specific chain restaurant, or driving a specific vehicle. (This can be subtle, with programs receiving low-cost vehicles from manufacturers in exchange for product exposure.) Sometimes a specific brand or trade mark is employed, as well as music from a certain artist or group. (This does not include appearances by musicians that perform on the show as guests.)
United Kingdom
The UK's television advertising is regulated by the TV regulator. Its restrictions have been in place since the inception of commercially paid television. Despite this, Roy Thomson, an early television magnate, compared the broadcasting license to a "permission to print money." Due to restrictions, the top three national commercial TV networks, ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5, can only show seven minutes of advertising every hour on average (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters are limited to nine minutes on average (twelve in the peak). As a result, many imported American TV programmes have unnatural pauses where the British firm fails to employ the narrative breaks meant for more frequent US advertising.
The UK's television advertising is regulated by the TV regulator. Its restrictions have been in place since the inception of commercially paid television. Despite this, Roy Thomson, an early television magnate, compared the broadcasting license to a "permission to print money." Due to restrictions, the top three national commercial TV networks, ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5, can only show seven minutes of advertising every hour on average (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters are limited to nine minutes on average (twelve in the peak). As a result, many imported American TV programmes have unnatural pauses where the British firm fails to employ the narrative breaks meant for more frequent US advertising.
Advertisements must not be inserted during the course of certain proscribed types of programs that last less than half an hour in scheduled duration; this list includes any news or current affairs programs, documentaries, and children's programs; additionally, advertisements may not be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools, in any religious broadcasting service or other devotional program, or during a formal Royal ceremony or occassion. There must also be obvious time distinctions between the programming and the commercials. The BBC is not authorized to air commercials on television in the United Kingdom since it is entirely non-commercial, despite having many advertising-funded stations elsewhere.
Ireland
The Broadcasting Authority of Ireland regulates broadcast advertising.
Subscription
Because certain TV channels are partially supported by subscriptions, the signals are encrypted during transmission to ensure that only paying customers have access to the decryption codes to watch pay television or speciality channels. The majority of subscription services are subsidized by advertising.
Taxation or license
In certain nations, television services are sponsored by a television license or a type of taxation, which implies advertising plays a smaller or no role. Some channels, for example, may have no advertising at all, while others may have very little, such as:
Australia is a country that has a (ABC Television)
Belgium is a country in Europe (VRT for Flanders and RTBF for Wallonia)
Denmark is a country in Northern Europe (DR)
(RTÉ) Ireland
. Japan is a country that has a (NHK)
. Norway is a country in Northern Europe (NRK)
. Sweden is a country in northern Europe (SVT)
. Switzerland is a country in Europe (SRG SSR)
. Taiwanese Republic (Taiwan) (PTS)
. United Kingdom of Great Britain (BBC Television)
.United States of America (PBS)
The British Broadcasting Corporation's television service, which is funded by an annual television license paid by the occupants of places receiving live telecasts, has no television advertising on its UK stations. As of 2012, around 26.8 million private domestic households in the United Kingdom owned televisions, with approximately 25 million TV licenses in all premises in force. The government sets the television license fee, but the BBC is not accountable to or controlled by the government.
Despite the fact that 85 percent of homes were multi-channel, with 42 percent having access to 200 free-to-air channels via satellite and another 43 percent having access to 30 or more channels via Freeview, the two main BBC TV channels were watched by nearly 90 percent of the population each week and had a 27 percent share of total viewing in 2009. The license that funds the ad-free BBC TV channels costs £159 for a color TV license and £53.50 for a black and white TV license as of June 2021. (free or reduced for some groups).
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's television services in Australia do not broadcast any advertising from outside sources, as it is prohibited by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983, which also guarantees the corporation's editorial independence. The ABC receives the majority of its funding from the Australian government (with some revenue from its commercial division), but it has seen progressive funding cuts under Liberal governments since the 1996 Howard administration, with particularly deep cuts in 2014 under the Turnbull administration, and an ongoing indexation freeze as of 2021. Although ABC Australia, which transmits throughout the Asia-Pacific area, receives additional cash from DFAT and some advertising on the channel, the funds are used to support the ABC's television, radio, online, and international programs.
Advertisements are shown on government-funded channels in France, but people who own television sets must pay an annual tax ("la redevance audiovisuelle").
In Japan, licensing fees (also known as reception fees (, Jushinry)) are used to fund NHK. NHK's funding is governed by a broadcast law that requires any television equipped to receive NHK to pay. The charge is regulated, including discounts for commuters such as office workers and students, as well as a general discount for Okinawa residents.
Programming that is broadcast
Broadcast programming, also known as TV listings in the United Kingdom, is the practice of organizing television programs into a schedule, with broadcast automation being used to change the scheduling of TV programs on a regular basis in order to build an audience for a new show, retain that audience, or compete with other broadcasters' programs.
Social considerations
Television was essential in the socialization of the twentieth and twenty-first century. Many aspects of television, including negative concerns such as media violence, can be addressed. According to recent research, people who are socially isolated might use television to build a parasocial or fictitious relationship with characters from their favorite shows and movies to distract themselves from feelings of loneliness and social deprivation. Educational television has been demonstrated to offer numerous benefits in several studies. The article "The Good Things about Television" claims that when used properly, television can be a highly strong and effective learning tool for children. In terms of religion, numerous Christian denominations broadcast religious content on television.
Opposition
The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and the Evangelical Wesleyan Church, both Methodist churches in the conservative holiness movement, avoid watching television. Some Baptists, such as those associated with Pensacola Christian College, avoid television as well. Many Traditional Catholic congregations, such as the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), as well as Laestadian Lutherans and Conservative Anabaptists like the Dunkard Brethren Church, oppose television in the home, claiming that it is a source of sin.
Children, particularly those under the age of five, are at risk of being injured by falling televisions. Because of its weight, a CRT-style television that falls on a child has the same force of falling numerous floors from a building. Newer flat-screen televisions are "top-heavy and have thin bases," making them readily tipped over by a tiny child. As of 2015, TV tip-overs caused more than 10,000 injuries to children in the United States each year, costing more than $8 million in emergency treatment.
According to a 2017 study published in The Journal of Human Resources, boys' cognitive ability and high school graduation rates were reduced as a result of their exposure to cable television. For males from better educated homes, the effect was larger. Light television enjoyment, according to the article, crowds out more intellectually engaging activities.
With CRTs containing high levels of lead and the rapid spread of new flat-panel display technologies, some of which (LCDs) employ mercury-containing bulbs, there is rising worry about electronic waste from discarded televisions. Disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs face similar occupational health risks. The gadgets' increasing electrical energy requirements are another source of environmental concern associated to television design and use.
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