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A computer mouse (plural mice, occasionally mouses) is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This movement is typically translated into the movement of a pointer on a display, allowing for smooth control of a computer's graphical user interface.
In 1968, the first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system took place. Mice used to track movement across a surface with two separate wheels: one in the X-dimension and one in the Y-dimension. Later, the standard design shifted to detecting motion with a ball rolling on a surface. The majority of modern mice use optical sensors with no moving parts. Though all mice were originally cable-connected to computers, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.
Computer mice, in addition to moving the cursor, have one or more buttons that allow operations such as selecting a menu item on a display. Mice frequently include additional features such as touch surfaces and scroll wheels, which allow for more control and dimensional input.
Mouse etymology
The term mouse was first used in a computer pointing device in Bill English's July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control," most likely due to its resemblance to the shape and size of a mouse, a rodent, with the cord resembling its tail. The popularity of cordless mice makes the resemblance less obvious.
According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer in English, the term arose because the cursor on the screen was referred to as "CAT" for some unknown reason and appeared to the team as if it were chasing the new desktop device.
In modern usage, the plural of the small rodent is always "mice." According to most dictionaries, the plural for a computer mouse is either "mice" or "mouses," with "mice" being more common. The online Oxford Dictionaries cites a 1984 use, and earlier uses include J. C. R. Licklider's 1968 article "The Computer as a Communication Device."
The mouse of history
Ralph Benjamin invented the trackball, a related pointing device, in 1946 as part of the Comprehensive Display System, a post-World War II fire-control radar plotting system (CDS). Benjamin was working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service at the time. Benjamin's project made use of analog computers to calculate the future position of a target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a joystick user. Benjamin saw the need for a more elegant input device and created what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose.
The device was patented in 1947, but only a prototype with a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and it was kept a military secret.
Kenyon Taylor, a British electrical engineer who collaborated with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff, created another early trackball. Taylor was a founding member of Ferranti Canada, helping to develop the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.
DATAR was conceptually similar to Benjamin's display. The trackball detected motion with four disks, two in each of the X and Y directions. Mechanical support was provided by a number of rollers. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing output pulses with each ball movement. The physical movement of the ball could be determined by counting the pulses. The tracks were calculated by a digital computer and sent to other ships in a task force via pulse-code modulation radio signals. A standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball was used in this trackball. It was not patented because it was a classified military project.
Engelbart's first "mouse" invention
Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) has been credited as the inventor of the computer mouse in books written by Thierry Bardini, Paul Ceruzzi, Howard Rheingold, and others. Following his death in July 2013, Engelbart was also referred to as such in various obituary titles.
By 1963, Engelbart had established the Augmentation Research Center (ARC) at SRI to pursue his goal of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a computer graphics conference in Reno, Nevada, Engelbart began to consider how to adapt the planimeter's underlying principles to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data. On November 14, 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a "bug," which could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels" in a "3-point" form.
Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS) exploited different body movements, such as head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose, but the mouse ultimately won out due to its speed and convenience. The first mouse, a bulky device (shown), used two potentiometers perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: each wheel's rotation translated into motion along one axis. Engelbart's group had been using their second generation, 3-button mouse for about a year at the time of the "Mother of All Demos."
The original rolling-ball mouse
More than two months before Engelbart's demonstration, on October 2, 1968, a mouse device called Rollkugelsteuerung (German for "rolling ball control") was shown in a sales brochure by the German company Telefunken as an optional input device for the SIG 100 vector graphics terminal, which was part of a system centered on their process computer TR 86 and the TR 440 main frame.
The mouse device, which was based on an even earlier trackball device, had been developed by the company since 1966 in a parallel and independent discovery. Unlike Engelbart's mouse, the Telefunken model already had a ball (diameter 40 mm, weight 40 g) and two mechanical 4-bit buttons.Transducers with rotational position and Gray code-like states that allow for easy movement in any direction To relax debouncing requirements, the bits remained stable for at least two successive states. This configuration was chosen so that data could be transmitted to the TR 86 front end process computer as well as over longer distance telex lines at around 50 baud. The device weighed 465 g and stood about 7 cm tall, with a 12 cm diameter hemispherical injection-molded thermoplastic casing and a single central push button.
Not all customers chose to purchase the device, which added 1,500 DM per piece to the already high-priced main frame deal, for which only 46 systems were sold or leased. They have been installed at over 20 German universities, including RWTH Aachen, Technical University Berlin, the University of Stuttgart, and the University of Konstanz. Several Rollkugel mice installed at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum; two others survived in a museum at Stuttgart University, two in Hamburg, one in Aachen at the Computer History Museum in the United States, and yet another sample was recently donated to the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (HNF) in Paderborn.
While anecdotal evidence suggests that Telefunken's patent application was denied by the German Patent Office due to a lack of inventiveness, no relevant patent application listing Mallebrein as a (co-)inventor has ever been published by the German Patent Office. The Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to touch screens in the form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display for the air traffic control system. They created the "Touchinput-Einrichtung" ("touch input facility") in 1970, which was based on a conductively coated glass screen.
Initially, mice were used on personal computers and workstations.
In 1973, the Xerox Alto was one of the first computers designed for home use, and it is widely regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse. The Lilith, a computer developed by a team led by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zürich between 1978 and 1980, was inspired by PARC's Alto and included a mouse. The Xerox 8010 Star was the third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation.That same year, Microsoft decided to make the MS-DOS program Microsoft Word mouse-compatible, and the first PC-compatible mouse was developed. Microsoft's mouse was released in 1983, kicking off the company's Microsoft Hardware division. However, the mouse remained relatively unknown until the Macintosh 128K (which included an updated version of the single-button Lisa Mouse) appeared in 1984, followed by the Amiga 1000 and Atari ST in 1985.
Mouse control
In a graphical user interface, a mouse typically controls the movement of a pointer in two dimensions (GUI). The mouse converts back-and-forth, left-and-right hand movements into equivalent electronic signals, which are then used to move the pointer.
Mouse has a specific use
Other uses of mouse input are common in specialized application domains. In interactive three-dimensional graphics, mouse motion frequently translates directly into changes in the orientation of virtual objects or cameras. In the first-person shooter genre of games (see below), for example, players typically use the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's "head" faces: moving the mouse up causes the player to look up, revealing the view above the player's head. A similar function rotates an image of an object so that all sides can be examined. Many different combinations are often used in 3D design and animation software to allow objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with the few axes of movement mice can detect.
Mice for gaming
These mice are made specifically for use in computer games. They typically have a broader range of controls and buttons, as well as designs that differ significantly from traditional mice. They could also have decorative monochrome or RGB LED lighting. The extra buttons are frequently used to adjust the sensitivity of the mouse, or they can be assigned (programmed) to macros (i.e., for opening a program or for use instead of a key combination). It is also common for game mice to have a relatively high sensitivity, measured in dots per inch (DPI), which can be as high as 25,600.
Mice that move mechanically
Mouse types
On October 2, 1968, the German company Telefunken released information about their early ball mouse. Telefunken's mouse was sold as an add-on item for their computer systems. While working for Xerox PARC, Bill English, the creator of Engelbart's original mouse, created a ball mouse in 1972.
The ball mouse did away with the external wheels in favor of a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It was included with the Xerox Alto computer's hardware package. Inside the mouse's body, perpendicular chopper wheels chopped light beams on their way to light sensors, which detected the ball's motion. This mouse resembled an inverted trackball and was the most commonly used with personal computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also adopted the modern technique of typing with both hands on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse as needed.
The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. Given an appropriate working surface beneath the mouse, the weight of the ball provides a reliable grip, allowing the mouse's movement to be transmitted accurately. Beginning in 1975, Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, produced ball mice and wheel mice for Xerox. Honeywell produced another type of mechanical mouse based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House. Instead of a ball, it had two wheels that rotated in opposite directions. Key Tronic later produced a similar product.
Modern computer mice were created at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) by Professor Jean-Daniel Nicoud and engineer and watchmaker André Guignard. This new design featured a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and it remained popular until the scroll-wheel mouse became popular in the 1990s. René Sommer added a microprocessor to Nicoud and Guignard's design in 1985. Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, making it more "intelligent"; however, optical mice from Mouse Systems had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.
Laser and optical mice
Early optical mice used only one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving parts that mechanical mice use in addition to their optics. A laser mouse is a type of optical mouse that makes use of coherent (laser) light.
The first optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical mouse detects movement on most opaque diffuse surfaces but not on specular surfaces such as polished stone. Laser diodes improve performance on opaque specular surfaces by providing high resolution and precision. Later, surface-independent optical mice employ ansensor (essentially, a tiny low-resolution video camera) to capture successive images of the surface on which the mouse operates. Wireless optical mice powered by batteries flash the LED intermittently to save power and only glow steadily when movement is detected.
3D mice
These devices, also known as bats, flying mice, or wands, generally operate via ultrasound and have at least three degrees of freedom. The most well-known example is probably 3Dconnexion ("Logitech's SpaceMouse") from the early 1990s. Kantek introduced the 3D RingMouse in the late 1990s. This wireless mouse was worn on a finger as a ring, allowing the thumb to access three buttons. A base station tracked the mouse in three dimensions. Despite an appeal, it was eventually dropped because it did not provide adequate resolution.
The SpaceBall mouse-related controller has a ball placed above the work surface that can be easily gripped. It sends translational and angular displacements on all six axes, in both directions, using spring-loaded centering. In November 2010, Axsotic, a German company, introduced the 3D Spheric Mouse, a new concept of 3D mouse. This new concept of a true six-degree-of-freedom input device employs a ball that rotates in three axes and an elastic polymer-anchored tetrahedron-inspired suspension for unrestricted ball translation. A contactless sensor design makes use of a magnetic sensor array to detect three aches translation and two optical mouse sensors to detect three aches rotation.
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